In the United States a prototype "hard drive" made from DNA was created, simplifying data recording and reading processes

New Way to Store Information in DNA: From Archive to “Hard Drive”

Scientists from the University of Missouri have revealed a method for repeatedly erasing and rewriting data in the molecular structure of DNA. Previously, DNA was used only as a one‑time archival medium due to its high storage density and long-term stability. Now it is possible to change information without expensive nucleotide synthesis or enzyme use – just electricity.

How It Works
1. Shift Coding

Data are written as alternating segments of single strands (S) and double helices (DS). A transition from S to DS is interpreted as a “0” bit, while a transition from DS to S is a “1”.

2. Reading Through Nanopores

The DNA molecule passes through a nanopore, generating characteristic electrical signals. These are converted into binary code.

3. Erasing and Rewriting

Hydrogen bonds in the S segments are broken, thereby “clearing” the data. During writing these bonds are electrically restored, allowing the desired S/DS pattern to be recreated without chemical synthesis.

What This Means for the Industry
- Density and Longevity – DNA can store up to 215 PB per gram and preserve data for decades without power.
- Energy Efficiency – unlike SSD/HDD, no constant power is required.
- Microscopic Size – goal: a compact medium the size of a USB flash drive capable of holding massive amounts of data.

The scientists emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of the project: physics, biology, computer science, and materials science worked closely together. In the near future, a practical device is planned that could replace traditional storage media while maintaining energy efficiency and reliability.

> *Note:* Parallel to this project, a breakthrough in nanopore production occurred, but that is a separate story.