Spain has created "two-dimensional" solar panels that are perfectly suited for building facades

Ultra-thin solar panels from UPM researchers

*Key result*:

The Spanish group SyNC from the Institute of Solar Energy at Madrid Polytechnic University (UPM) has created prototypes of ultra‑thin, semi‑transparent panels based on two‑dimensional materials. Modeling shows that covering the façade of a typical skyscraper in Madrid with such elements could meet up to 30 % of the building’s energy needs.

What is it?
* Two‑dimensional materials – crystalline layers only one atom thick.

* “Hot‑pick‑up” panels – a dry transfer and combination technology for creating van der Waals heterostructures.

* Bubble formation – scientists deposit pieces of 2D material into transparent capsules, producing finely tunable configurations.

Technology and advantages
Parameter How it is achieved Why it matters Thickness Ultra‑thin layers of 2D materials Minimal weight, easy installation Semi‑transparency Thin structure can be “pierced” by light Allows natural lighting inside the building Flexibility Soft polymers used in composition Mounted on curved façades and non‑planar surfaces Low cost of production Solvent‑based deposition methods, scalability Ability for mass production

How it works
1. Material preparation – 2D layers are divided into small fragments.

2. Assembly into “bubbles” – each piece is placed in a transparent capsule, forming a thin structure.

3. Installation on the façade – panels are glued to the building surface without losing natural light.

Practical applications
* Built‑in energy for buildings – the panel can be integrated directly into walls or windows without changing appearance.

* High‑rise structures – lightweight and flexible panels are more convenient than traditional heavy systems.

* Energy savings – covering a typical skyscraper façade with 30 % of its energy needs can significantly reduce electricity costs.

Prospects
UPM believes that thanks to scalable deposition methods from solutions, production of such panels is economically viable. This makes ultra‑thin solar elements one of the most promising solutions for urban energy, combining efficiency, aesthetics and future building energy performance.